Wednesday, January 24, 2007

NEW! Review of William Logan

The Undiscovered Country: Poetry in the Age of Tin by William Logan. Columbia University Press, $29.50.

Reviewed by Brian Henry

William Logan is a tragic figure. Born at the wrong time--in the so-called tin age of poetry--and doomed to write about it, he earns his living by teaching in an MFA program, thus contributing to the very machine whose products he loathes. His talents and tastes would seem better-suited to a PhD program, but cultural studies and literary theory have taken over, shunning the likes of Logan (or so he would argue). Stuck with the poetry of this time, Logan rages against it. And the saddest aspect of this situation is that Logan’s criticism garners more attention than his poetry. The ignored poet, then, must content himself with being the notorious critic.

Logan’s primary attributes as a poetry critic--invective and predictability--serve him well as a regular knee-capper for The New Criterion but seem less fitting for The Undiscovered Country, a collection of his “odds and ends of criticism.” Predictability can be a critic’s greatest flaw. Worse than faulty judgment, predictability often accompanies a closed mind, or at least a mind already made up. Logan has his pets--Gjertrud Schnackenberg, Donald Justice, Amy Clampitt--as well as his bêtes noires--Jorie Graham, Rita Dove, Adrienne Rich, and, more recently (and infamously, due to the poet’s public threat to thrash the critic), Franz Wright. For the most part, his reviews of such poets follow a pre-ordained path of praise or damnation. His writing on poets who receive mixed and varying reactions--Paul Muldoon, Anne Carson, Charles Wright--is more worthwhile, because Logan actually demonstrates how he has come to terms with their work. Too often, though, Logan remains content with the elevation of personal taste to a general standard, and Logan’s failures as a critic frequently stem from his scuttling of his hero Randall Jarrell’s admonition, “At your best you make people see what they might never have seen without you; but they must always forget you in what they see.”

Despite his claim to read too many new books of poetry, Logan seems oddly unaware of the state of contemporary American poetry. He admits that trade presses have largely given up on poetry, but one would be hard-pressed to glean this from this selection of reviews. Of the 66 books by contemporary poets under consideration, nearly half (32) have been published by Alfred A. Knopf (a division of Random House) and Farrar, Straus & Giroux. Another 22 are published by W.W. Norton, Ecco/HarperCollins, and Houghton Mifflin. Ohio University Press, the University of Arkansas Press, Wake Forest University Press, and Louisiana State University Press are the only university presses represented; BOA Editions, Overlook, Graywolf, Counterpoint, and Seven Stories are the only smaller independent presses. Considering that major publishers release a small fraction of the notable poetry books published every year, Logan’s near-exclusive focus on books issued by these publishers skews his critical perspective from the outset. It’s difficult to imagine a compilation of 66 books of contemporary poetry that can be as safe as Logan’s and that omits almost every important university press that publishes poetry (California, Wesleyan, Chicago, Georgia, Iowa, Pittsburgh, Illinois) as well as nearly every small independent press (Copper Canyon, New Directions, Talisman House, Burning Deck, Story Line, etc.). For many poets and critics, contemporary poetry would be unimaginable without the work published by these presses, and Logan’s inability, or unwillingness, to acknowledge them does not instill much confidence in his grasp of the present age, be it golden or tin. Logan’s inability to find worthwhile poetry seems due, in part, to his looking for it in the wrong places.

Logan’s introduction to The Undiscovered Country illuminates his weak grasp on the current situation of poetry. This jeremiad rails against the usual enemies--cultural studies, identity politics, the confessional impulse--without engaging any of these issues. The introduction seems outdated (Logan’s diatribe against talk show poetry, for example, would have been accurate and necessary a decade ago but seems largely pointless now, not least because Charles Bernstein made similar charges--in 1980 [in “Thought’s Measure”]--and many other critics have attacked the confessional, and post-confessional, modes), as well as petty; he uses the piece to get in the last word against theory-headed colleagues and others who have disagreed with him. (He also demonstrates, throughout the book, a general disdain for his students, whose ignorance of everything from ancient Greece to scansion to Walt Whitman’s era seems to feed his apoplectic outlook.) This is unfortunate because the book’s introduction is the only thing, other than Logan’s sensibility, that might hold this miscellany together; as such, the introduction’s half-hearted attempt to make an overarching argument works against the book, especially since the crux of that argument--contemporary poetry is mostly terrible--is undermined by Logan’s blinkered view.

For a poet-critic, Logan’s breadth--or generosity--of taste is dispiriting in its narrowness. He makes virtually no discoveries, champions only the already belaureled. The most experimental poets he writes about--John Ashbery, Jorie Graham, and Anne Carson--are now safely mainstream. Only Carson maintains anything resembling a cutting-edge position, but even Harold Bloom is wild about her work. Logan seems to read every contemporary American poet through the lens of Robert Lowell, Geoffrey Hill, or W.H. Auden. Though Logan likes to present himself as a contrarian, his major poets are hardly unsung. Logan also seems unaware of emerging or younger poets. One of the three younger poets reviewed in this book, Joe Bolton, committed suicide in his twenties and is a former student of Logan’s. (Bolton also happens to be one of the most interesting poets Logan discusses.) Nearly all of the youngest poets discussed in The Undiscovered Country--Carl Phillips (b. 1959), Li-Young Lee (b. 1957), Henri Cole (b. 1956), Mary Jo Salter (b. 1954), Franz Wright (b. 1953), Mark Doty (b. 1953), Elizabeth Spires (b. 1952)--were born in the same decade as Logan. Deborah Garrison (b. 1965) and Kevin Young (b. 1970), along with Bolton, are the only exceptions. Few critics of Logan’s standing have discovered so little.

It should come as no surprise, then, that Logan’s strongest essays and reviews concern non-contemporary poets: Shakespeare, Milton, Whitman, Housman, Marianne Moore, Auden. In these pieces, Logan generally allows his erudition to trump outrage, even as one suspects his re-readings of these poets somehow fuel his splenetic treatments of contemporary poetry. They are more historically based, but also more informative and less judgmental. Logan seems better equipped to unpack poems than to assess them; he is a good reader but a bad judge. Still, he does not hesitate to criticize these canonical figures, as when he writes that Moore’s “animals, those refugees from medieval bestiaries and emblem books, once offered her access to an ethical world; later they seemed merely the point, or beside the point.” Of the three pieces on Shakespeare (reviews of Auden’s Lectures on Shakespeare, Berryman’s Shakespeare, and the third Arden edition of the sonnets and Vendler’s The Art of Shakespeare’s Sonnets), the Arden/Vendler review is the most substantial. Yet one must wonder about Logan’s compulsion toward creating (and maintaining) hierarchies when he specifies how many Shakespeare sonnets “have changed English literature” and how many he would “sell [his] soul for.” The dual focus of that compulsion--on a verifiable canon and on the critic’s own soul--seems rather charming, as does Logan’s willingness to make broad claims about Shakespeare’s fitness for sonnet writing: “Shakespeare’s rhetoric was not well adapted to the sonnet. His signature violence of language . . . rarely survives the sonnets’ casuistic wrangle of heartbreak and passion.” Logan does a fine job of excoriating the trendy idiocies of the Arden editor, Katherine Duncan-Jones, while offering measured praise for Helen Vendler’s study (partly because she is “at odds with current criticism, that tar pit of vengeance and half-baked philosophy,” partly because her criticism, at its best, “sustains itself with self-renewing insight”).

Logan’s clear-headed essay on Sylvia Plath cuts through the haze of myth that has surrounded her work. Though “Plath is as close as we have come to a serious poet formed in the supermarket, with supermarket values,” she “wrote like someone who did not have to worry about consequences.” His review of Lowell’s Collected Poems seems less successful; it skims the surface of each of Lowell’s books, offering mini-reviews with little or no new insights into the work. (His take on the Notebook/History/For Lizzie and Harriet/The Dolphin saga is an exception: “What was intimate [in Notebook] has been rendered remote, supervised, parched.”) Considering how frequently Logan cites Lowell when bemoaning the lack of talent and ambition in contemporary poets, he seems eager to replace Vendler as Lowell’s “primary idolator” (Jed Rasula’s phrase). His statement that Lowell “wrote no major poems after For the Union Dead,” then, seems refreshing in its reluctance to lionize, even if one questions the “major poems” designation.

As a prose writer, Logan has his own tics, most notably the double adjective, which sometimes exhibits an alliterative flourish--“dry, delicate talent” (Marie Ponsot), “dry, devious authority” (Mark Strand), “headlong, hell-bent hubris” (Sharon Olds)--but usually stems from an excess of his own hubris, from a need to outdo the poets being reviewed. Why else would a critic refer to Mark Doty’s “easy, gaudy style,” Anne Carson’s “jaunty, intemperate lines,” Eavan Boland’s “steamy, observant lines,” Cynthia Zarin’s “delicate, whimsical poems,” and Les Murray’s “sloppy, booming ways”? Why would he allow himself such lame redundancies as “sketchy, hither-thither manner” (Charles Wright), “clean, well-mannered lines” (Li-Young Lee), “self-medaled, self-beribboned witness” (Adrienne Rich), “cryptic, sphinxlike poet” (Geoffrey Hill), “modest, untemperamental character” (Elizabeth Spires), “static, lifeless observation” (Frieda Hughes), “tidy, delicate images” (Gjertrud Schnackenberg), “glittery, jewel-like style” (James Merrill)?

Agha Shahid Ali, being a Kashmiri-American, gets twice as many adjectives--“fabulous, delicate (even finicky), alien”--and later, Logan refers to him as “a charming, capable, even whimsical poet.” Perhaps because of her three-pronged name, Mary Jo Salter receives a trinity of adjectives from Logan for her “mousy, tense, off-kilter poems.” The double adjective appears two more times in the same paragraph: “honest, dutiful poems” and “fastidious, well-made poems.” In the space of three sentences, Logan has laid seven adjectives on Salter’s poems while saying very little about the work itself. He also compares her poems to those “a housewife would write, if there were such a thing as a housewife any more.” As if that nugget weren’t offensive enough, Logan later mentions her “hostlesslike sincerity” and “prom-dress exterior,” and toward the end of the review, her “well-mannered, well-manicured poems.” (Determined to win the award for The Most Tasteless Comment in a Review, he ends the review with “under the prim clothes there’s something wild and unmentionable and I wish she’d let it out.”) Logan’s comment on Henri Cole--“We reveal ourselves in our repetitions”--applies equally to himself as a critic, as does his comment on Jarrell: “Adjectives were not Jarrell’s strong point.”

Logan’s other major fault as a critic--his tendency toward the ad hominem attack--is what makes him an entertaining read (and a despised figure in a world full of back-scratching and false praise). These violations of critical decorum contribute more to his status as “the most hated man in American poetry” than his actual critical assessments do. Yet this matter is more than a lapse of decorum; it is a breach that undermines the reader’s trust not only in Logan as a critic but in criticism itself. A reader new to poetry, seeing Logan chastising a gay poet for his gaudy shallowness or an African-American poet for becoming a public figure, cannot be blamed for being turned off. Consider the following irrelevant comment: “Stephen Dunn is a rational man, probably a good husband and father, a generous and genial neighbor.” Predictably, this becomes a way for Logan to dismiss Dunn’s poems as “the stuff of scrapbooks.” While one might agree with Logan’s overall assessment of Dunn’s poetry, one should question his need to discuss Dunn as a person. If Dunn were an irrational man, a terrible husband and father, and selfish neighbor, would that make his poems more interesting? Of course not.

Elsewhere, he uses Kevin Young’s race as an excuse to take a shot at African-American writers in the academy, and accuses Charles Wright--one of the most prolific poets now writing--of “paralyzing laziness,” which apparently means not being as assiduous as Homer or Dante. Logan follows his half-vicious, half-perspicacious comment on Mark Doty--“Too often, he renders a world not transformed, just lacquered and varnished with a FOR SALE sign attached”--with a wholly vicious one: “If you hired him to design your house, it would end up looking like Versailles on a quarter acre, with gushing baroque fountains (concrete, not marble) and interiors by Liberace.” He might have had fun inventing this scenario, but it says nothing meaningful about Doty’s work.

The worst instance, however, concerns Rita Dove. Logan’s overarching argument--that Dove has become too famous to write good poems--turns on itself, since Logan’s entire review of Dove focuses on her fame. He spites his point to prove his point. Logan’s attack on Dove centers on her success--being named Glamour’s Woman of the Year, receiving numerous honorary doctorates, being Poet Laureate, etc.--which, he argues, has nothing to do with her poems. In other words, fame never guarantees good poetry. He’s right, of course, which makes his decision to review Dove’s career--rather than her poetry--questionable. Even when one agrees with Logan--say, when he writes, “[Eavan] Boland may want to bleed poetry, but often she just leaks self-importance,” “C.K. Williams is the guilt-ridden Peeping Tom of American poetry”--one has to question how being so personal can possibly benefit the criticism.

As entertaining as they can be, Logan’s barbs often serve as distractions from the matter supposedly at hand: the poetry. Because Logan is one of the few critics today who can write readable prose about Geoffrey Hill’s work, it’s unfortunate when he resorts to comments like “[Hill] would like to invent a poetry monks could enjoy (if poems came as hair shirts, he would have his own designer label).” There’s something schizophrenic about Logan’s critical persona: half scholar, half cocktail wag, he cannot let himself play it straight for more than a paragraph or two.

To Logan’s credit, he is willing to give a hard time to poets he usually admires--Hill, Schnackenberg, Anthony Hecht--while professing grudging admiration for poets who often annoy him--Carson, Charles Wright, Ashbery. He has come to admire Muldoon despite himself, gushing that Muldoon “sets himself impossible labors and exceeds them.” Sometimes, Logan’s put-downs can seem like wry compliments, as when he refers to Franz Wright as “a demonic version of William Carlos Williams.” And he can be brutally (and impersonally) right: “A poet’s talents exist in productive tension for only a decade or so. Before, the language is all main force, the subjects mistaken, the voice immature; after, the poet often hardens into manner.”

Logan’s model in wit, ambition, and ferocity, is, of course, Randall Jarrell. Like Jarrell, he can come up with zingers in his sleep, but Logan seldom puts them to legitimate use. His prolificness could be a source of this problem. Given limited time with which to engage a work, he too easily gives a book short shrift. If Logan were to live with a book for a year before assessing it, the resulting response would be fuller and more thoughtful, if not more positive. Logan possesses a strong mind and even stronger opinions, and despite its many faults, The Undiscovered Country is worth reading. Logan’s willingness to take a stand--even if for all the wrong reasons--distinguishes him from critics who seem intent on--and content with--passing off extended ad copy as criticism.

14 comments:

  1. this is great!

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  2. Of course, part of Logan's pathology is that he must keep reviewing nearly exclusively books from Knopf, FSG (etc.), because those are the presses with the most widly recognized names to people who read little poetry, therefore the greater notoriety for himself.

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  3. One should have some sympathy for Logan's dilemma about big presses and big names: if someone of his reputation reviews a book by a very small press by a poet of very small reputaiton, he'll be accused of being merely a bully; if he reviews only the big dogs he's accused of ignoring other voices. It's a no-win situation for him.

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  4. There are worse sins than using double adjectives. Logan forces us to look at poetry in a hard light. For that, I'm willing to overlook (or ignore) the personal attacks and overblown rhetoric.

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  5. I agree with much of what you say about the usefulness or lack thereof of Logan's criticism , but disagree on several points.

    True, Logan's poetry is not as well known as his criticism. But it's hardly "ignored," as such things go, except in comparison to a dozen or so of the biggest players, and certainly not in comparison to most of the poets publishing with presses you think he should be including.

    I have no problem with who he chooses to review. Why should he represent the entire spectrum of American poetry? How many critics who aren't assigned their reviews routinely review outside of the scope of their defined aesthetic? Very very few, and I feel like you want this from him just because he's grown so visible. Tell it to Vendler.

    Also, whatever Randall Jarrell might have admonished, he didn't live up to it for a second. Jarrell didn't disappear into the background--not ever--and could be just as nasty as Logan. Look at his review of Rukesyser. What Jarrell did very well is weave a cult of his own persona around his reviewing, much as does Logan. And frankly, Jarrell's constant logrolling with his buddies was at least as nauseating as Logan's foul moods.

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  6. To write a fair review is hard; to do it briefly is almost impossible. Though I agree that Logan's compulsion to dish out zingers is perverse, as if he's driven to undermine his own critical authority by sacrificing precision for shock, still I think a lot of what Brian Henry objects to is inseparable from the phenomenon of the brief (two or three pages) review. Short reviews are doomed to reductiveness. For example, the double adjectives that Henry points out in Logan's prose -- it's true that a string of adjectives can't do a responsible job of characterizing a poet's work in a seriously critical way. Adjectives only point toward a claim that would need to be made much more complexly in a full review. Double adjectives often try to imply a perception that would have to be expressed in a statement either combining or navigating between the meanings of the two adjectives. Logan tries for that effect, and sometimes (but not most of the time) I think "Well, he's being unfair, but he's pointing toward something true."
    As for redundancy -- to refer to Charles Wright's "sketchy, hither-thither manner" is more vivid than if Logan had kept himself to only one adjective. The same goes for Adrienne Rich's "self-medaled, self-beribboned witness".
    Brian Henry gets off a good Loganesque zinger when he calls Logan "half scholar, half cocktail wag" -- it's not entirely fair, maybe, but it's vivid and I'll remember it; it has its succinct usefulness.
    As for ad hominem attacks -- this is a tricky issue. A book of poems offers us an idea of a PERSON who is "the poet" -- the person implied by the writing; and I think all the great critics of poetry have always needed to refer to that person; and that person has the same name as the flesh-and-blood individual who might be your friend or my friend and who actually wrote the poems at his or her computer. The Logan remarks about, for example, Boland and Williams may be mean-spirited but they're not useless, I'd say, and I don't agree they should be ruled out as "ad hominem".
    Logan is too damned comfortable in his Lone Ranger role; he shows too little awareness of how easy it is to be cleverly insulting. But I don't wish he would just shut up. His reviews have a caffeine quality which appeals sometimes, and which I like also in Brian Henry's review of him.

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  7. True enough, as Halliday says, but I think the relationship between the one writing the poems and the poems themselves is more problematic than Logan allows for. With his comments about the person behind the poems, he's really commenting on a highly manipulated construction, of course, but he seems, in my reading of his reviews, to pass over that distinction too easily.

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  8. Logan is about the only light of honesty in the poetry world. His criticism is needed to tamp down the endless garbage purported to be poetry these days. In a fundamental manner, integrity itself seems to be leaving the western world, and Logan brings a little honesty back, and if he has to talk about a particular poet as a person, well then he must, because to separate the art from the person is folly. If a poet has nothing to say, the poet's poems will have nothing to say.

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  9. a fair & restrained answer, all the more devastating for it.

    still, i read him for the standup comedy. one would have to be an idiot to adopt his preferences without a struggle.

    as to the sources of what he reads, one time i asked him if he would review a book published on the internet. his reply suggested the very possibility seemed outlandish, as if to extend his purvey to Esperanto poetry, or whalesongs.

    still, we do need more gargoyles on this cathedral.

    m.

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  10. Anonymous10:56 AM

    Hi Brian. I just came across your review. I think it's an excellent evaluation of Logan's critical work. Reading him, I too often find myself agreeing with particular assessments of a body of work, such as the ones you reference regarding Dunn and Boland, yet am simultaneously taken aback by the ferociousness of the delivery. It's like using a bomb to get a cat out of a tree. (I kind of suspect that may be his metaphor, actually.)

    Disclaimer: I was once Logan's student.

    Second disclaimer: I was once Dunn's and Boland's student too. I really got around, back in the day.

    Third disclaimer: I have to admit the whole enterprise of reviewing is a bit of a mystery to me. Anyone who looks at the bulk of work published in any given year and expects to find more than one or two really good poems/stories/sentences/paragraphs/whatever, seems either like a cockeyed optimist, or crazy. I always find it instructive to remember that Mrs Hemans was the most popular poet 150 years ago, not Blake. Spending too much time with contemporary work lends itself to a kind of "the sky is falling" mentality that seems evident both in Logan's work and in some of the other comments here.

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  11. Logan is necessary as an antidote to the bullshit that passes today as "major poetry." When, please, will Jorie Graham stop writing? Logan is a fun read--too much Teufelsdroch at times, but his targets have won enough lauds that they can take it (and maybe improve). My problem with Logan is that his poetry is unimpressive, unmemorable, unremarkable. Henry would better serve us by reviewing Logan's poems rather than his criticism--especially eschewing (never used that word before) double, triple adjective usage. I'd like to see Logan as editor of poetry.

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  12. 11, 2009 at 8:44 am dave eberhardt wrote a letter to NY T bk Review (abridged, naturally)

    Referencing the article by poet William Logan and his discontents with various poets in the Book Review of April 26: having heard our poetic God/grandfathers- Richard Wilbur in person recently and W.S. Merwin on the radio- I can only be glad that Logan hasn't savaged them. Much of his targets deserve what he is dishing them- although- I think Hart Crane- he of the juicy, Latinate words and cadences- could be forgiven his obscurities, and Gary Snyder- who is rarely obscure- has a quite lapidary style that is not similar to choosing words like the ones on refridge magnets or Valentine's heart shaped candies- Snyder's work is allways (sp?) bracing and insightful.

    Logan is onto something in his criticisms; so much of contemporary poetry seems very little different from prose- it's just prose broken into poetic looking lines (a technique started by Pound and Williams) , and few contemporary poets attempt anything deep. It mostly seems academic and cute- glazed over by a layer of faux insight. I think poetry should be amazing.

    I rarely hear poets discussing such subjects of interest as sex or death or finances- especially their own. I have yet to attend a reading where the poet discussed his or her ego involvement- in other words- there's a lot of dishonesty and shallowness around in contemporary poetry. Logan has the moxie, the duende to strike a dissenting note- a rare thing in itself. How many reviews do you read where the writer really cuts loose? Are poets that fragile a group- that a little criticism might blow them away?
    Best,

    Dave Eberhardt
    4 Hadley Sq. N.
    Baltimore, Md. 21218

    mozela9@comcast.net

    On June 11, 2009 at 8:49 am david eberhardt wrote:
    an addendum sent to wm logan re my abridged letter in the bk review- abt his scathing reviews of some other poets

    would you "savage" me next...please?!?

    you even got a drawing of yrself in the bk review- i'm thinking is he wall eyed? no- it's hart crane's revenge- you have a "seal's spindrift wide eyed gaze towards paradise"?

    i sort of like the tough, mystical guys- robt bly, jack gilbert, rumi thru coleman barks- maybe i should take a look at yr. stuff- watch out- you're gonna get some treetments

    actually- liking wilbur and merwin quite enuff- i'll say this- wilbur is annoyingly classical and merwin too vaporous- look i can b like u-

    but actually- congratz- it takes a genius Tto recognize both other geniuses and other asses

    On June 11, 2009 at 10:48 am dave eberhardt wrote:
    I forgot to mention Adrienne Rich and Sharon Olds as favorites- lest anyone find me too sexist!

    The poetry of today- and, Bill, I wouldn't pick on Billy Collins who is charming and insightful (think of Edward Lear or Ogden Nash)- o, let's say the poetry of the New Yorker Mag- altho they will make concessions - is what we're talking about- it is arch, often incomprehensible, and just plain old foolish.

    American poets should generally have to read Che Guevara's "Little Green Book" and other passionate Latin and Spanish poets.

    poetry is not just lawn parties- it's life and death (and i love liteness and humor along w you)

    dave froginbog in Md. check out web site Poetry in Baltimore

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  13. I know it's called "criticism" but shouldn't the critic spend some (I would say all) of his time describing what the poet under review is attempting, and leave it to the reader to decide whether (s)he likes the work or not? It's not hard to do this: the reviewer could provide context, description, and well-chosen excerpts and then invite the reader to form his/her own opinion.

    There are many good critics available: Charles Simic, Stephen Burt, Helen Vendler (of course), our own Brian Henry, and many others.

    Logan's "criticism" is not in their league. Logan's Mandarin stance would be less intolerable if he were much more intelligent, but he does not measure up. Two small examples: he began a review of the letters of Lowell and Bishop with (paraphrased) "poets should never fall in love with each other," never noticing that semi-alert readers would know that he (Logan) is married to the poet Deborah Gregor. In a Letter to the Editor from B.H. Fairchild after Logan had "Loganized" Art of the Lathe, Fairchild pointed out that Logan did not recognize the difference between a factory floor and a machine shop, and in his response Logan demonstrated that he still didn't get it.

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  14. This is a thoroughly great review. I have always found Logan to be smart, but almost embittered; although I disagree with a lot of what he says, I still like reading him because he provokes. He's the highway pile-up of Criticism; One has to look.

    --Charles

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